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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes frequent symptoms of coughing, chest tightness, wheezing and/or shortness of breath.

If the symptoms are less frequent than twice a week during the daytime and less than twice a month during the nights, it is termed “intermittent” asthma. If the symptoms are more frequent than twice a week during the daytime and more than twice a month during the nights, it is called “persistent” asthma. Persistent asthma is further subdivided into mild, moderate, and severe based on the severity and frequency of the asthma symptoms as well as lung function measurements obtained by pulmonary function tests.

Intermittent asthma is traditionally treated with an as needed “rescue” inhaler medication, which is usually an albuterol (e.g., ProAir, Proventil, Ventolin) inhaler. Albuterol is a short-acting beta 2 agonist bronchodilator medication which acts as a dilator of the bronchial tubes of the lungs. It provides quick relief for the wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, and shortness of breath that plagues asthma sufferers. The usual dose is 2 puffs from the inhaler every 4 to 6 hours as needed for symptom relief. Albuterol can also be used prior to exertion for the prevention of exercise-induced asthma symptoms.

Persistent asthma, on the other hand, needs a daily scheduled maintenance medication in order to control the inflammation that occurs in asthmatics. The daily maintenance medication helps prevent symptoms and preserve the lung function in the long term. The maintenance medication usually consists of a corticosteroid in the form of an inhaler which is usually taken either once or twice a day. There is also another maintenance therapy that does not include a corticosteroid. Such non-steroid maintenance medications typically are known as leukotriene antagonists . It is up to the allergist and patient to decide which type of maintenance therapy is best for that patient.

Since a maintenance medication is needed in most persistent asthmatic patients, usually 2 different types of inhalers are needed in total – one for the daily preventive maintenance and the other for the as needed quick relief for asthma symptoms. Though it is an effective way of treating asthma, it can sometimes lead to confusion for some patients, so it is necessary for the board certified allergist to explain how and when to use both types of medications.

There has been a recent update in the recommendations for asthma management from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. The newer guidelines recommend one inhaler both for prevention and rescue therapy. This new recommendation is termed Single Maintenance And Reliever Therapy (SMART).

The recommended inhaler contains a combination of a corticosteroid (anti-inflammatory agent) and a short-acting beta 2 agonist bronchodilator to open the airways quickly. In addition to using it once or twice a day on a regular daily basis for maintenance, the patient can take one or two puffs from the same inhaler as needed for the rapid relief of the symptoms. SMART therapy is approved for children who are 5 years old and above.

Clinical studies have shown that SMART therapy reduces acute flare-ups, emergency healthcare visits, and hospitalizations compared to the traditional therapy in patients with moderate and severe persistent asthma. However, If the patient’s current therapy is controlling their asthma well and they are not having side effects, there is no need to make a change.

There are 2 main corticosteroid medications recommended for SMART therapy: budesonide and mometasone. These 2 corticosteroids can be used as the preventive component. Formoterol is a faster acting long-acting beta 2 agonist that is used as the rescue component. Only formoterol-containing formulations should be used. Formoterol has a more rapid onset bronchodilator effect than other long-acting beta 2 agonists, similar to albuterol. Budesonide/formoterol (i.e., Symbicort) is the most commonly used formulation for SMART therapy, but mometasone/formoterol (i.e., Dulera) may also be used.

The board certified allergy specialists at Black & Kletz Allergy have been treating asthma in pediatric and adult patients for more than 5 decades. We have 3 offices in the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area which are located in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. All 3 offices have on-site parking and the Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible. There is a free shuttle that runs between our McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. If you or someone you know has asthma or any other allergic or immunologic condition, please make an appointment so that we may help you. Alternatively, you can click Request an Appointment and we will respond to your request within 24 hours by the next business day. The allergy doctors at Black & Kletz Allergy have been treating patients in the Washington, DC metropolitan area for allergies, asthma, sinus disease, and immunologic disorders for more than 50 years. We would be pleased to provide allergy and asthma relief for you and your family in a relaxed, caring, and professional environment.

Of all the ailments that people seek an allergist’s care for, one of the most bothersome conditions is hives (i.e., urticaria). A hive can be described as an itchy red blotch or welt that can occur anywhere on the skin. A hive can be flush with the skin or it can be a raised bump. Usually, there are a multitude of hives that occur as opposed to just one hive, although a single hive may occur. The size and shape of a hive is variable as it can be large or small and it can take any shape. Although hives usually itch, they can occur without itching. Hives can also occur internally such as the gastrointestinal system. If the hives occur in the stomach, the individual may experience abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, and/or vomiting as a result of internal hives. If the hives occur in the throat, the person may feel a tightening of their throat.

There are 2 basic criteria for hives. If one has hives on and off for less than 6 weeks, that person is said to have “acute” urticaria. If, however, the hives last 6 or more weeks, that individual is said to have “chronic” urticaria. Acute urticaria is more common than chronic urticaria and it is not uncommon. Approximately 20-25% of Americans will have hives at some point in their lives. Hives generally last less than 24 hours, but may last longer. They may occur very frequently (i.e., multiple times a day) or occur very rarely, (i.e., one isolated episode). Hives tend to be intermittent (i.e., come and go) as opposed to remaining on the skin for days, weeks, or months like eczema (i.e., atopic dermatitis). Chronic urticaria acts the same as acute urticaria except that the duration of the hives is 6 weeks or greater.

There are many causes of hives. Some of the common causes of hives may include an allergy to a food (e.g., peanuts, tree nuts, milk, egg, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish), medication , or flying insect sting (e.g., bee sting). Other common causes may include an infection (i.e., viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic), autoimmune disorders (i.e., the immune system fights against an individual’s body instead of fighting against outside invaders), inflammatory conditions (i.e., vasculitis), and/or rarely cancers. In addition to the forementioned causes, physical stimuli such as heat, cold, exercise, pressure, vibration, sun exposure, and/or even water exposure can cause hives in sensitive individuals.

If someone has chronic urticaria, it is important to find out if there is an underlying condition present that is causing that individual to have the hives. The diagnosis of hives begins with a comprehensive history and physical examination. Allergy skin testing or blood testing may be needed depending on the patient’s unique situation with respect to their hives. For patients with chronic urticaria, blood testing and a urinalysis are obtained in order to look for an underlying condition that may be causing the hives. It is interesting to note that despite doing a thorough workup for chronic urticaria with blood and urine tests, 95% of the time no cause is identified. In these cases, the chronic urticaria is designated as “idiopathic” which is basically saying that we know what is not causing the hives, but we still do not know what is causing them. These patients are labeled as having chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) or chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU).

The treatment of hives usually begins with oral antihistamines or H1 blockers . In some cases, H2 blockers such as Pepcid (famotidine) may be used in combination with the H1 blocker (antihistamine). Leukotriene antagonists may also be used if needed. Occasionally corticosteroids may be necessary to treat recalcitrant cases. In addition to the above medications, patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (i.e., chronic idiopathic urticaria) may benefit greatly with Xolair (omalizumab), a biologic injectable medication which is usually administered monthly.

There are 2 other conditions that are related to hives that should be discussed since they can occur without hives or with hives. They are as follows:

Pruritus: Even though pruritus technically means “to itch,” it should be noted that some individuals just itch without having associated hives while as mentioned above, some itch with associated hives. For the purposes of this blog, pruritus means the former, itching without hives or a rash. The diagnosis and management are essentially the same as with hives except Xolair is not used in patients with just pruritus alone.

Swelling (i.e., angioedema): Similar to pruritus, swelling (i.e., angioedema) may occur simultaneously with hives or the swelling can occur without associated hives. One can think of angioedema as a large hive, so in essence it is not really different from a hive, except it can be scarier to the individual with the swelling. Of course if the swelling is in the throat for example, it can be life-threatening. The diagnosis and treatment are also basically the same as with hives except there is an added blood test (i.e., C1 esterase inhibitor level) that is obtained and like with the treatment of pruritus, Xolair is not used with just angioedema alone.

The board certified allergy doctors at Black & Kletz Allergy located in the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area will readily answer any questions you have regarding hives (i.e., urticarial), itching (i.e., pruritus), swelling (i.e., angioedema) or any other allergic condition. We have 3 offices with locations in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. All of our offices offer on-site parking. In addition, the Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are accessible by Metro. There is also a free shuttle that runs between the McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. Please make an appointment by calling any one of our 3 offices, or alternatively, you can click Request an Appointment and we will answer you within 24 hours by the next business day. Black & Kletz Allergy diagnoses and treats both children and adults and we are proud to serve the Washington, DC metro area residents for which we have done for more than 5 decades.

The esophagus is the muscular tube that propels food from the mouth into the stomach through a rhythmic, coordinated peristaltic action. The interior lumen of the tube is covered by a thin mucus membrane. This normal function can be impaired when the structure is chronically inflamed by various allergic triggers. A subset of white blood cells, called eosinophils, accumulate in the mucus membrane of the esophagus in response to the exposure of allergens that an individual is sensitized to. These eosinophils will release a number of chemical mediators of inflammation into the tissues causing structural and functional damage. When this occurs, the individual has a condition called eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE).

Eosinophilic esophagitis is a relatively newly recognized condition. It has been increasingly diagnosed in adults and children over the past couple of decades. The frequency of eosinophilic esophagitis has been estimated to be approximately 1 in 2,000 individuals.

Food allergens are the most common cause of eosinophilic esophagitis. Though any food can be an allergen in theory, the most commonly implicated foods in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis are milk, wheat, soy, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, and fish/shellfish. Individuals with eosinophilic esophagitis often have other allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (i.e., hay fever), asthma and/or eczema (i.e., atopic dermatitis).

Genetic factors play a role in the causation of eosinophilic esophagitis as the condition is known to run in families. Some individuals with this condition have been found to have an unusually high expression of a particular gene named eotaxin-3.

SYMPTOMS:

The symptoms of eosinophilic esophagitis ay vary by the age of the patient as well as the severity of the inflammation. The main symptoms are listed below:

• Difficulty swallowing (i.e., dysphagia)
• Food getting stuck in the throat (impaction)
• Nausea/vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Poor appetite/weight loss

DIAGNOSIS:

The diagnosis is often delayed because of a lack of awareness of this condition. A high index of suspicion is needed for the detection of eosinophilic esophagitis in both children and adults presenting with above symptoms.

In order to confirm the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis, it is necessary to do an upper endoscopy, where a thin flexible tube with a light source is passed into the esophagus through the mouth in order to visualize the esophagus. The appearance of whitish patches (i.e., plaques), furrows, and in late stages, circular rings resulting from scarring, are highly suggestive of eosinophilic esophagitis. Multiple biopsies are needed of the inner esophagus during this procedure. The diagnosis is conclusively established by the demonstration of the excessive accumulation of eosinophils in the biopsy specimens obtained from the esophagus.

Environmental allergies to substances such as pollens, animals, dust mites, and molds possibly play a role in eosinophilic esophagitis. For some patients, it may seem like their eosinophilic esophagitis is worse during pollen seasons. Allergy testing for these common environmental allergens is often part of an eosinophilic esophagitis evaluation.

TREATMENT:

The treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis involves a variety of approaches:

1. Dietary Modifications:

• 6 food (i.e., diary, egg, wheat, soy, nuts, seafood) elimination diet
• Elimination of foods based on allergy skin prick and/or patch testing
• Elemental (i.e., amino acid) diet

If the symptoms improve while on dietary restriction, foods can be gradually be reintroduced, one food at a time, while closely monitoring for the relapse of symptoms.

2. Drug Therapy:

• Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., Prilosec, Nexium) improve symptoms in a subset of patients either by reducing the excessive acid production or more likely by a direct anti-inflammatory action over the esophagus.
• Topical inhaled corticosteroid medications such as fluticasone (i.e., Flovent) and budesonide (i.e., Pulmicort). These are approved only as inhaled anti-inflammatory agents for asthma, but are used off-label as ingestible medications for eosinophilic esophagitis. These medications coat the mucus membrane, reduce the eosinophilic inflammation, and lead to symptom improvement.
• Additional endoscopies and biopsies are usually necessary to monitor the effectiveness of treatment.

3. Biological Medications:

In 2022, dupilumab (i.e., Dupixent) was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat adults and children 12 years and older with eosinophilic esophagitis. This is the first FDA-approved treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis.

Dupixent is administered by injection under the skin once a week. This medication reduces the number of eosinophils in the esophagus and can lead to significant relief from symptoms.

SUPPORT:

Families often benefit from participating in support groups and organizations. The American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders (APFED) and Campaign Urging Research for Eosinophilic Disease (CURED) are two lay organizations that provide valuable reliable resources for individuals with eosinophilic esophagitis.

The board certified allergy doctors at Black & Kletz Allergy have been diagnosing and treating eosinophilic esophagitis in both adults and children in patients in the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area for many years. Black & Kletz Allergy has 3 offices in the Washington, DC metro area with locations in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. All of our offices have on-site parking and the Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible. We offer a free shuttle that runs between our McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. If you suffer from difficulty swallowing, food getting stuck in your throat, or any other symptom related to eosinophilic esophagitis, please call us to make an appointment at one of our conveniently located offices. Alternatively, you may click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours by the next business day. The allergists at Black & Kletz Allergy are confident that we will be able to help you get to the bottom of your problem as well as treat this gastrointestinal disorder. We have been serving the Washington, DC metro area for more than 50 years in the field of allergy, asthma, and immunology and we hope to improve your quality of life by reducing or preventing your unwanted and bothersome allergy symptoms.

Pollen Food Allergy Syndrome (also called pollen food allergy syndrome) is a condition where there is a cross reaction to allergens that are found both in pollen and certain foods. The most common foods associated with pollen food allergy syndrome include fresh fruits, vegetables, and some tree nuts. The disorder affects roughly one-third of individuals with seasonal allergic rhinitis (i.e., hay fever).

The primary inner workings of pollen food allergy syndrome is a genetically determined “sensitization” of the immune system to various pollens and the ensuing “reactions” when exposed to these pollens. The immune system sees these pollens as “foreign” and consequently reacts against them resulting in the irritating symptoms of hay fever. The immune system recognizes the pollen as well as similar proteins in the food and then subsequently directs an allergic response to the allergenic protein. An easy way to think of it is that your body sees the food as the pollen since the allergenic proteins of the food is very similar to the allergenic proteins of the pollen. If you are allergic to a pollen such as birch tree pollen, you will then mount an allergic response to a cross-reacting food such as a raw fresh apple even though you are not allergic to that food (i.e., apple) because your body normally mounts a response to that birch tree pollen. It is important to note that in most instances, the person can eat the food if it is cooked (i.e., baked apple) without allergic symptoms. The reason individuals can usually eat the cooked version of the food is because the heating process changes the structure of the protein of the food so it looks different structurally. This structurally changed food protein is not recognized by the immune system as a protein that is similar to the pollen, and thus no allergic reaction occurs.

The symptoms of pollen food allergy syndrome may include itching of the lips, tongue, gums, palate and/or throat after eating raw fresh fruits, vegetables, and/or some tree nuts (i.e., almond, hazelnut). The symptoms usually start within a few minutes after eating the raw fresh fruits, vegetables, and/or tree nut and generally abates within a few hours. The symptoms of pollen food allergy syndrome are usually minimal, but in rare cases, they can cause throat swelling and/or difficulty in swallowing. Such severe reactions are more likely to occur with peanuts and/or tree nuts. It is important to establish that some people with itchy lips, mouth and/or throat after eating a raw fresh specific fruit, vegetable, and/or tree nut may in fact have a true food allergy to a specific fruit, vegetable and/or tree nut and not have pollen food allergy syndrome. These “real” food-allergic individuals usually will have the same or comparable symptoms even when eating the fruit/vegetable cooked, unlike patients with pollen food allergy syndrome who can usually tolerate the cooked fruit/vegetable without symptoms.

Pollen food allergy syndrome tends to be more prominent and bothersome in the Spring months when one is exposed to higher levels of pollen. Specific tree pollen sensitivity cross-reacts with specific fruit/vegetable/tree nut proteins due to the closeness in the amino acid sequences of the allergenic proteins. For example, patients with birch pollen sensitivity tend to react more commonly with fresh raw pitted fruits (e.g., apples, peaches, pears, apricots, plums) as well as carrots, peanuts, and/or tree nuts. Individuals with allergies to grasses may have a reaction to celery, peaches, melons, (e.g., watermelon, honeydew, cantaloupe), oranges, and tomatoes. Ragweed pollen sensitivity in the Fall usually cross-reacts with bananas, melons, cucumbers, and/or zucchini.

The diagnosis of pollen food allergy syndrome is made commonly by a history of oral pruritus (i.e., itching) and irritation in individuals who have previously tested positive for allergies to pollen and are symptomatic during the corresponding pollen seasons.

The treatment of pollen food allergy syndrome involves evading the offending raw fresh fruits/vegetables/tree nut. Peeling the skin before eating and/or cooking (i.e., baking, microwaving) before eating the food may reduce the severity of the symptoms, as heat denatures the allergenic protein which thus decreases its allergenic potential.

The board certified allergy doctors at Black & Kletz Allergy have expertise in diagnosing and treating pollen food allergy syndrome as well as food allergies. . We are board certified to diagnose and treat both adult and pediatric patients and we have been doing so in the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area for more than a half a century. Black & Kletz Allergy has offices in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. All 3 of our offices have on-site parking. For additional convenience, our Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible. Our McLean office location offers a complementary shuttle that runs between our office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. For an appointment, please call our office or alternatively, you can click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours by the next business day. If you suffer from food allergies, food sensitivities, or pollen food allergy syndrome we are here to help improve your life by preventing unwanted food-related symptoms that have been so troublesome. Black & Kletz Allergy is devoted to providing the highest quality allergy care in a comfortable, compassionate, and professional environment.

This year so far it has been much warmer than usual for Winter. Typically in the Washington, DC Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area, trees begin to pollinate in March. Over the last few years however, tree pollination began in February. This year, we have seen tree pollen in the air in January and February! For many individuals, tree pollen is the cause for terrible hay fever (i.e., allergic rhinitis) symptoms. In addition to hay fever, tree pollen can and does exacerbate asthma symptoms in those who are allergic to trees and also have asthma. Some of the first trees to pollinate in this area include cedar, maple, elm, alder, birch, and poplar.  Later in the Spring season, the principal tree that causes difficulties for people with tree pollen allergies is the oak tree.  Other trees that pollinate during this later time frame include walnut, hickory, and pine.

Interestingly, it is not the flowering trees that generally cause allergy symptoms. Most people think that in the Washington, DC area that the cherry blossoms are a major cause of allergies. In fact, cherry blossoms rarely cause allergies but they tend to bloom when other trees that cause allergies in the area pollinate. People either suffer from tree pollen allergies or see others suffer from tree pollen allergies and associate the blooming of the cherry trees with allergies. It is the “ugly” non-flowering trees that tend to cause allergy symptoms. Why, you may ask? Flowering trees (e.g., dogwood trees, cherry trees, redbud trees, magnolia trees) are pretty for a reason. The pollen from flowering trees is relatively heavy. Since the pollen is heavy, it needs the help of bees to help cross-pollinate. The abdomen of the bees land on the pollen of a flower after being attracted to the flower. The bees then land on another flower and the pollen from their abdomen cross-pollinates the other flowers. Non-flowering trees (e.g., maple trees, oak trees, birch trees, hickory trees), on the other hand, have much lighter pollen which is easily wind dispersed. They cross-pollinate by releasing their pollen into the air and having it blow to other trees. It is the result of this wind dispersal that leads to people becoming allergic to tree pollen. Individuals inhale the tree pollen and they may become sensitized to the pollen which manifests itself by the classic allergy or asthma symptoms.

What are the allergy symptoms for tree pollen allergies? The classic symptoms may include runny nose, nasal congestion, post-nasal drip, itchy nose, itchy throat, itchy roof of mouth, sneezing, sinus congestion, sinus headaches, itchy eyes, watery eyes, puffy eyes, dark circles under the eyes, and/or redness of the eyes. Other less common symptoms may include fatigue, sore throat, snoring, hoarseness, itchy skin, coughing, and/or feeling like you are in a “fog.” Tree pollen can also trigger asthma or even cause asthma symptoms in those who have never had asthma or asthma symptoms. The classic symptoms of asthma may include chest tightness, wheezing, coughing, and/or shortness of breath.

The diagnosis of tree pollen allergies begins with a comprehensive history and physical examination by a board certified allergist. Allergy testing by skin testing or blood testing is often performed in order to determine if the allergies are caused by tree pollens or other allergens such as molds, grasses, weeds, and/or dust mites. In addition to finding out what the patient is allergic to, the degree of the allergy can be ascertained by the severity of the reaction on skin testing or the degree of positivity on the blood tests.

The management of tree pollen allergies begins with avoidance or prevention, if at all possible. Individuals are encouraged to monitor the pollen counts which can be tracked on the top right of our homepage by clicking Today’s Pollen Count.  In one’s car, it is advisable to keep one’s windows and sunroof closed and to turn on the air conditioner and change the air filters regularly (about once a month).  Use the re-circulate feature in the car so that the air is not coming into the vehicle from the outside.  Choose an automobile that has a filter in its air conditioning unit, if possible.  Stay indoors wherever possible when the pollen count is high (i.e., generally on dry warmer days).  It is important to realize that rain washes away pollen from the air causing pollen counts to be lower on wet cooler days.  Since pollen is released in the early mornings, try to avoid exercising during this time. If a person goes outdoors, shower, wash one’s hair, and change one’s clothing before returning home in order to lessen one’s pollen exposure.  Avoid drying clothes outdoors when the pollen count is elevated.  Avoid yard work and mowing lawns, if possible.  If one needs to do yard work, wear a filtration face mask in order to reduce exposure to the tree pollen.  Avoid contact lenses which may trap pollen in one’s eyes.  Wash one’s pets regularly and avoid close contact with a pet that goes outside during the pollen season since pets carry tree pollen on their coats.

The treatment of tree pollen allergies varies depending on how severe the patient’s symptoms are and if and how the trees affect and alter the desired lifestyle of the individual. Some people do not mind staying indoors in the Spring where others want to participate in outdoor activities such as golfing, jogging, baseball, etc. Oral antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids are usually the first medications prescribed in individuals that have tree pollen allergies. Oral decongestants may be useful in certain patients with nasal congestion assuming there is no contraindication for using them such as hypertension. Other medications may be used and some of these may include oral leukotriene antagonists , nasal antihistamines , nasal anticholinergics , and various eye drops. For the treatment of asthma induced by tree pollen, inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, long acting beta 2 agonists, and/or short acting beta 2 agonists are utilized.

The board certified allergists at Black & Kletz Allergy have 3 offices in the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area and treat both children and adults with tree pollen allergies. We have offices in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. Black & Kletz Allergy offers on-site parking at each of their 3 office locations and the Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are also Metro accessible. There is a free shuttle that runs between our McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. To make an appointment, please call our office or you can click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours on the next business day. Black & Kletz Allergy has been serving the asthma and allergy needs of the Washington, DC metro area community for more than 5 decades and we strive to offer the highest quality allergy and asthma care in a compassionate and specialized environment.

Nearly all children get infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a highly contagious virus, by their second birthday. RSV has a seasonal predilection, usually from December to March every year. In most instances, it causes mild “cold-like” symptoms and resolves without complications in approximately 1-2 weeks.

Although most cases get better and resolve on their own, respiratory syncytial virus can sometimes lead to severe illness requiring visits to the emergency room. In some cases, hospitalization may be required. The incidence of severe illness due to RSV is especially high during the Winters in the U.S. Surging RSV infections in conjunction with the rise in flu and COVID-19 infections has been termed the “tripledemic.”

RSV is especially severe in very young children and adults over 65 years of age. Predisposing factors to severe RSV infections may also include underlying chronic lung and/or heart conditions as well as having a compromised immune system.

Respiratory syncytial virus is the most common cause of bronchiolitis (i.e., inflammation of the small airways in the lungs) in children younger than 1 year of age. RSV causes approximately 60,000 hospitalizations among children under the age of 5 annually. RSV infection is estimated to cause approximately 15,000 annual deaths in the U.S. in adults over the age of 65. Respiratory syncytial virus is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children and is a common cause of wheezing in infants and young children. Studies suggest that a severe RSV infection early in childhood is linked to development of asthma later in life.

The infection of respiratory syncytial virus spreads from person to person primarily by contact with respiratory secretions and to a lesser extent by aerosol and droplets. RSV can survive for many hours on hard surfaces such as tables and door handles and lives on soft surfaces such as tissues and hands for shorter amounts of time.

Symptoms: The symptoms of respiratory syncytial virus usually begin 2 to 3 days after contact with the virus. The initial symptoms usually include nasal congestion and runny nose with clear mucus secretions, an itchy throat and a dry cough. Children can also experience mild fevers, poor appetite, and reduced physical activity.

For babies, thick mucus can clog up the nose and small air passages in the lungs, making it difficult for them to breathe. Narrowed bronchial tubes may also cause wheezing in addition to a severe cough. Respiratory distress requires hospitalization where supplemental oxygen and inhaled medications can be administered.

Older adults, especially those with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart diseases, and/or diabetes mellitus can develop pneumonia from an RSV infection. The virus can also aggravate their underlying lung conditions requiring emergency treatment.

Diagnosis: The diagnosis of RSV is suspected by clinical presentation and can be confirmed by laboratory tests using a nasal mucus swab. Imaging of the lungs may also be needed in order to evaluate the severity of the condition.

Treatment: The treatment of respiratory syncytial virus is only supportive care in most instances as there is no specific medication available. For young children, nasal saline with gentle suctioning and a cool-mist humidifier may help with their breathing.

In severe cases, intravenous (IV) fluids may need to be given in order to treat dehydration. Oxygen supplementation may be needed to relieve any breathing difficulty.

A medication known as Synagis (palivizumab) is sometimes prescribed in order to minimize or prevent serious RSV disease among high-risk infants and children less than 2 years of age. This drug does not improve symptoms for children already suffering from RSV, nor does it prevent infection with RSV.

Prevention: People infected with RSV are usually contagious for 3 to 8 days and may become contagious 1 to 2 days before they begin showing signs of the illness.

One of the most effective ways to prevent an RSV infection is to practice good hand hygiene. Frequent hand washing, covering sneezes and coughs, and avoiding direct contact with unclean surfaces are very helpful in minimizing the spread of respiratory syncytial virus.

Effective vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and treat RSV infections are in active development. The research into developing an RSV vaccine began in the 1960’s and this year (2023) RSV vaccines should be on the market. The pharmaceutical companies Pfizer, GSK, and Moderna have been working on such a vaccine and are all close to the final product. Pfizer and GSK announced promising Phase III results in 2022 and they are now both awaiting regulatory approval for the vaccine.

The board certified allergists at Black & Kletz Allergy see both adult and pediatric patients and have over 5 decades of experience in the field of allergy, asthma, and immunology. Black & Kletz Allergy has 3 convenient locations with on-site parking located in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. The Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible and we offer a free shuttle that runs between the McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. To schedule an appointment, please call any of our offices or you may click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours by the next business day. We have been servicing the greater Washington, DC metropolitan area for over 50 years and we look forward to providing you with the highest state-of-the-art allergy care in a friendly and relaxed environment.

Many fruits and vegetables contain substances called lipid transfer proteins (LPT’s). They are usually present in the skin and seeds of these foods. Lipid transfer proteins are also found in various nuts and some cereals. In the plant, the purpose of the lipid transfer proteins is to move the lipid molecules so the plants develop and maintain their internal and external structures.

Individuals can become sensitized to the lipid transfer proteins. As a result, people can have allergic reactions to them when exposed in the foods we consume. When this occurs, it is called lipid transfer protein allergy. When an individual is allergic to many foods containing lipid transfer proteins, it can be said that that person has lipid transfer protein syndrome.  The most common plant foods triggering these reactions include apples, grapes, peanuts, almonds, hazelnuts, walnuts, tomatoes, and dried fruit. Other foods that may also cause symptoms may include mustard seeds, sunflower seeds, chestnut, peaches, strawberry, kiwi, orange, tangerine, pear, banana, lemon, apricot, plum, raspberry, pomegranate, cherry, barley, lettuce, cabbage, corn, mulberry, asparagus, green beans, pea, celery, wheat, durum wheat, lentils, and lupin. Other foods that are known to contain lipid transfer proteins include broccoli, onion, beetroot, parsley, eggplant, parsnip, butter beans, fennel, millet, goji berry, quinces, grapefruit, blueberry, and figs.

Lipid transfer proteins are resistant to heat and to the acid in our digestive tract. This heat and acid resistance make it so that individuals can react to even well-cooked, dried, raw, and/or canned foods. For example, if someone is sensitized to the lipid transfer proteins in a grape, that person should avoid all grape-containing foods such as grape juice, wine, and raisins.

This condition is more common in adults as well as people living in Mediterranean countries. In fact, lipid transfer protein allergy is the most frequent cause of food allergy in southern Europe. It is however interesting to note that lipid transfer protein allergy has been increasingly recognized in other parts of the world.

SYMPTOMS: The symptoms of lipid transfer protein allergy usually begin within 10 to 30 minutes after eating the offending food. The symptoms may include the following:

• Itching of the mouth and/or throat
• Runny nose
• Nasal congestion
• Sneezing
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea and/or vomiting
• Skin rashes
• Swelling of the lips, tongue, and/or throat (i.e., angioedema)
• Wheezing
• Shortness of breath
• Drop in blood pressure
• Dizziness/Lightheadedness
• Anaphylaxis

Some contributing factors of an allergic reaction due to eating a suspected food with lipid transfer proteins may include physical exertion, alcohol consumption, and certain medications . These factors also may delay the onset of the allergic symptoms where the allergic reaction begins after the typical 10 to 30 minute window. Exercise, alcohol, and NSAID’s can also increase the severity of the allergic reaction. There are even cases where someone can eat a plant-based food that contains lipid transfer proteins and has no allergic reaction but when combined with exercise, alcohol consumption, and/or NSAID exposure, that individual may experience an allergic reaction.

DIAGNOSIS: The diagnosis of this condition involves a comprehensive history and physical examination. Special emphasis should be targeted towards getting a detailed record of the patient’s food intake. Maintaining food and symptom diaries are extremely useful in helping to establish the diagnosis. The food and symptom diaries should be supplemented with allergy skin prick testing with suspected food antigens and/or laboratory evaluation when needed.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: The differential diagnosis includes other food-induced allergic reactions such as pollen-food allergy syndrome (i.e., oral allergy syndrome) and food-dependent exercise-induced urticaria/anaphylaxis (FDEIA).

TREATMENT: Once the diagnosis is confirmed, avoidance of all forms of the plant food including raw, cooked, and processed forms of the food is essential in order to minimize the risk of severe reactions.

Individuals diagnosed with lipid transfer protein allergy will also be prescribed a self-injectable epinephrine device (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q, Adrenaclick) which is to be used in the case of a systemic reaction following an inadvertent exposure to the offending food. It should be stressed that if an individual uses a self-injectable epinephrine device, that person should go immediately to the closest emergency room.

The board certified allergy specialists at Black & Kletz Allergy will promptly respond to any questions you may have regarding food allergies or any other allergic or immunologic disorder. Black & Kletz Allergy has been treating food allergies for many years and we have offices in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. We have been serving the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area for over 50 years and treat both pediatric and adult patients. All 3 offices at Black & Kletz Allergy offer on-site parking and the Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible. There is a free shuttle that runs between our McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. If you are concerned that you may have a food allergy or sensitivity or any other allergic or immunologic condition such as allergic rhinitis (i.e., hay fever), asthma, sinus disease, medication allergies, flying insect allergies, or hives (i.e., urticaria), please call us to schedule an appointment. You may also click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours by the next business day. At Black & Kletz Allergy, we strive to improve the quality of life in allergic individuals using state-of-the-art medicine in a professional and compassionate setting.

In the U.S., dogs are the most common pets. According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, approximately 77 million pet dogs are living in the country spread around roughly 49 million homes. This means that each dog-owning household has an average of 1.5 dogs. The most common breed of dog is the Labrador Retriever. The second most common pets are cats. According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, there are about 32 million homes in the U.S. with cats comprising of approximately 59 million cats in total. Thus, the average cat-owning home has an average of 1.8 cats. The most common breed of cat is the Ragdoll. Fish, birds (e.g., parakeets, cockatiels, parrots), reptiles (e.g., lizards, turtles, snakes, geckos), rabbits, poultry (e.g., chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese), hamsters, guinea pigs, and ferrets round off the top 10 most common pets in the U.S. in that order. Overall, about 70% of homes have at least one pet. The number of pet-owning households continues to rise compared with ownership in the past.

It should also be noted that approximately 4 million households’ own horses. Horses do not normally live in people’s homes, but they still may be rather allergenic. In recent years, it has become fashionable to own miniature horses, which in some cases, do live in their owner’s home. Living with a horse in one’s house is probably not a good idea, but for those who are allergic to horses, it is especially ill-advised.

Whereas Wyoming is the top state for pet ownership at 71%, Idaho residents have the greatest number of dogs owners at approximately 59%. In contrast, Washington, DC has the least number of pet-owning households at 39%. Of note, 46% of Vermont residents have cats in their home making it the highest in the nation.

In general, a pet allergy is caused by an allergic reaction to specific proteins that are only found on the pet in question. The classic symptoms of pet allergies may include sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, post-nasal drip, sinus congestion, itchy nose, itchy throat, itchy eyes, watery eyes, red eyes, chest tightness, coughing, wheezing, and/or shortness of breath. The diagnosis of a pet allergy is done by taking a comprehensive history and physical examination of the patient in combination with allergy testing (i.e., blood tests, skin tests). Once the diagnosis is made, the best approach is prevention. If an individual can avoid being exposed to the pet, no other treatment is generally needed. If they must be exposed or refuse to avoid the animal, then the treatment may consist of oral antihistamines, oral, decongestants, leukotriene antagonists, nasal corticosteroids, nasal antihistamines, nasal anticholinergics, ocular antihistamines, ocular mast cell stabilizers, inhaled bronchodilators, inhaled mast cell stabilizers, and/or inhaled corticosteroids. For those who decide to live with their pet, allergy shots (allergy immunotherapy, allergy injections, allergy desensitization, allergy hyposensitization) may be indicated. Allergy injections are very effective as they work in 80-85% of individuals who take them. They have been given to patients for over 100 years and they are generally given for a period of 3-5 years.

People who are allergic to dogs usually have a reaction to the major protein called “Can f 1,” which is found on dogs. Specifically, the dander of dogs contains this major dog protein, Can f 1. It should be noted that the furry hair of a dog, which is not allergenic, may also transport other allergens (i.e., dust, pollens) to sensitive allergic individuals causing them to be exposed to more dust and pollens.  The dander of a dog can stick to an individual’s clothing, bedding, carpeting, etc., but with less affinity.  In addition to the dog’s dander, the Can f 1 protein is also found in a dog’s saliva and urine.  It is important to note that a dog allergy will cause perennial symptoms, unlike pollen allergies which generally affects individuals in certain seasons.

Individuals with cat allergies have a very similar situation to those with dog allergies, however, the major proteins responsible for the allergic reaction are named “Fel d 1” and “Fel d 4.” These proteins are found in the sebaceous glands of the skin (i.e., dander), the saliva, and the urine of cats. The dander of a cat tends to “stick” to things such as walls, bedding, carpeting, clothes, etc. Even with professional cleaning, it still takes a long time (i.e., up to several months) for the levels of cat protein to decrease to tolerable levels. Thus, removing a cat from one’s home for a few weeks is not long enough to determine if the cat is the problem. One misconception that is quite common is that there are “hypoallergenic cats.”  All cats have the capacity to induce allergic symptoms to cat-sensitive individuals. Some patients feel that they can tolerate short-haired cats better than long-haired cats, but studies do not support this theory. Brushing and bathing your cat regularly will however reduce the cat protein levels that cause allergic symptoms and of course is advisable.

Bird and rodent allergies are similar to other pet allergies except that in addition to the dander, the proteins responsible for the allergic reaction are also found in the urine, fecal, and feather particulates in birds and in the urine, saliva, and fecal droppings in rodents (e.g., hamsters, guinea pigs, mice, rats, gerbils, chinchillas). It is important to point out that in addition to allergies, both birds and rodents pose another threat to one’s health. Exposure to birds can cause more than 60 infections and diseases. Some of these may include avian flu, avian tuberculosis, psittacosis, salmonellosis, allergic alveolitis, campylobacteriosis, giardiasis, Newcastle disease, histoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. Exposure to rodents (e.g., mice, rats) can cause many diseases as well such as the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), tularemia, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, bubonic plague, rat-bite fever (RBF), Lassa fever, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis.

Allergies to reptiles are not common.  There have been reports of allergies to snakes, and of course there is always the possibility of an allergic reaction to the venom of certain snakes. There have also been reported cases of allergies to various reptiles, particularly iguanas. In addition to the typical allergy symptoms that occur with other pets, there seems to be more skin irritation with reptiles than with other pets.

Horse allergies are not that uncommon.  Individuals that are allergic to horses typically have similar symptoms as people with cat and/or dog allergies. The dander is the most common way in which horses cause allergic symptoms in humans.  The horse’s saliva, urine, and the fecal material dropped by horse mites are other ways that people are exposed to the allergenic proteins of horses. There is an increased incidence of horse allergy in some individuals that have cat and/or dog allergies due to a common protein that is shared between all 3 animals.

The board certified allergists at Black & Kletz Allergy have been diagnosing and treating pet allergies in both adults and children in the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area for more than 50 years. Black & Kletz Allergy has 3 offices in the Washington, DC metropolitan area with locations in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. All of our offices have on-site parking and the Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible. We offer a free shuttle that runs between our McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. If you suffer from a pet allergy or are not sure if you do, please call us to and make an appointment at one of our conveniently located offices. Alternatively, you may click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours by the next business day. The allergy specialists at Black & Kletz Allergy are confident that we will be able to help you with your furry friends.

Most of the medications used for treating diseases are chemically synthesized in a laboratory. Some newer medications, however, are derived from a variety of natural sources such as humans, animals, or microorganisms. These newer medications, often referred to as “biologicals,” are typically produced by using biotechnology and/or other cutting-edge methodologies. Biologicals represent a breakthrough advance in therapeutics as they may offer the most effective means to treat a variety of medical illnesses and conditions that presently have no other treatments available. Most allergic and immunological disorders have chronic uncontrolled inflammation as the primary underlying mechanism of the disease. This chronic inflammation often leads to organ dysfunction and the unwanted symptoms associated with such inflammation. The inflammatory process is mediated by various chemical substances such as antibodies and cytokines. The biological medications (i.e., biologicals) target these inflammatory mediators and suppress or block their actions resulting in better control of the disease.

• XOLAIR (i.e., omalizumab) was the first biological approved by the FDA for the treatment of asthma. It was initially approved for adults in 2003 and later approved for children in 2006. Xolair acts by blocking the “allergy” antibody, commonly called IgE, which acts as a mediator of many disorders of immediate hypersensitivity. Xolair is used for adult and pediatric patients who are 6 years of age and older with moderate to severe persistent asthma, whose symptoms are inadequately controlled with inhaled corticosteroids, who have a positive allergy skin test or an in vitro (i.e., in the test tube) reactivity to a perennial aeroallergen such as dust mites. It is administered by subcutaneous (SQ) injections on a regular basis (i.e., every 4 weeks). The dose and frequency of administration depend on the IgE level and the weight of the patient. The IgE level is determined by a blood test. After getting the approval for the treatment of moderate to severe persistent asthma, Xolair subsequently was also approved for the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria (i.e., chronic hives) in patients ≥ 12 years of age who remain symptomatic despite H1 antihistamine (e.g., Clarinex, Claritin, Allegra, Zyrtec, Xyzal, Benadryl) treatment. Xolair has helped numerous individuals suffering from chronic hives. More recently, Xolair has received an additional indication for the add-on maintenance treatment of nasal polyps in adult patients ≥ 18 years of age who have an inadequate response to nasal corticosteroids (e.g., Flonase, Nasonex, Nasacort AQ, Rhinocort AQ, Qnasl) .
• NUCALA (i.e., mepolizumab) is a biological drug that blocks a cytokine called IL-5. It was approved in 2015 as an add-on maintenance treatment for patients with severe eosinophilic asthma aged 6 years and older. The approved recommended dosage is 100 mg once every 4 weeks given as a subcutaneous (SQ) injection. Later, Nucala also was approved for:
  • Add-on maintenance treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (i.e., CRSwNP) in adult patients 18 years of age and older with an inadequate response to nasal corticosteroids
  • Treatment of adult patients with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (i.e., EGPA)
  • Treatment of adult and pediatric patients aged 12 years and older with hypereosinophilic syndrome (i.e., HES)
• FASENRA (i.e., benralizumab) is indicated for the add-on maintenance treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma aged 12 years and older. It acts by rapidly depleting eosinophils which cause tissue damage when excessively activated and accumulated. The maintenance dose is 30 mg. injected subcutaneously (SQ) under the skin every 8 weeks.
• DUPIXENT (i.e., dupilumab) acts by blocking 2 pro-inflammatory cytokines called IL-4 and IL-13. It is administered every 2 weeks as a subcutaneous (SQ) injection under the skin.

It is used to treat:

• Adults and children 6 months of age and older with moderate to severe eczema (i.e., atopic dermatitis) that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin (i.e., topical), or who cannot use topical therapies
• With other asthma medications for the maintenance treatment of moderate to severe eosinophilic or oral steroid-dependent asthma in adults and children 6 years of age and older whose asthma is not controlled with their current asthma medications
• With other medications for the maintenance treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) in adults whose disease is not controlled
• Adults and children 12 years of age and older, who weigh at least 88 pounds (i.e., 40 kg), with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)
• Adults with prurigo nodularis (PN)

• TEZSPIRE (i.e., tezepelumab) is the most recent biological medication that was approved by the FDA for treatment of asthma. It is a medication that blocks the cytokine TSLP, a cytokine which plays a prominent role at the top of the inflammatory pathway. It is indicated for the add-on maintenance treatment of adult and pediatric patients aged 12 years and older with severe asthma. Tezspire can be used without checking for any biomarker levels such as IgE. It can also be used in most phenotypes of asthma and is not restricted to only be used in eosinophilic asthma as with some other biologicals. It is administered as an injection subcutaneously (SQ) under the skin in a single dose of 210 mg. every 4 weeks.

The board certified allergy doctors at Black & Kletz Allergy see both adult and pediatric patients and have over 50 decades of experience in the field of allergy, asthma, and immunology. Black & Kletz Allergy has 3 convenient locations with on-site parking located in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. The Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible and we offer a free shuttle that runs between the McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. To schedule an appointment, please call any of our offices or you may click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours by the next business day. We have been servicing the greater Washington, DC metropolitan area for over 50 years and we look forward to providing you with the highest state-of-the-art allergy care in a friendly and approachable environment.

Now that it is turning cold in the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area, some allergic individuals are happy because they have a respite from their pollen (e.g., trees, grasses, weeds) allergies which tend to bother them in the Spring, Summer, and/or Fall.   Others however, are not as happy, as they either continue to have their allergy symptoms or develop their allergy symptoms only in the colder weather.  These individuals are allergic to other allergens such as dust mites, molds, pets, or cockroaches, to name a few.

Dust mites, molds, pets, and cockroaches are allergens that are generally considered “indoor” allergens; however, molds are found both indoors and outdoors.  Molds are particularly a problem in the Washington, DC metro area as Washington, DC was built on a swamp and the mold counts tend to be high in the area throughout the year.  The 2 most common conditions caused by these allergens are allergic rhinitis (i.e., hay fever) and allergic conjunctivitis (i.e., eye allergies).  The classic symptoms of allergic rhinitis may include sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, post-nasal drip, itchy nose, itchy throat, sinus congestion, sinus headaches, and/or snoring.  The typical symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis may include itchy eyes, watery eyes, puffy eyes, and/or redness of the eyes.  Another common malady that can arise from these allergens is asthma.  Asthmatics typically complain of wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, and/or shortness of breath.  Reducing one’s exposure to dust mites, molds, pets, and/or cockroaches is generally the first step in managing allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, or asthma in most individuals.  It should be noted that exposure to cockroaches is a fairly common cause of asthma exacerbations in inner city asthmatic children.  Medications are also frequently utilized in order to better control the unwanted allergy or asthma symptoms.  Allergy immunotherapy (allergy shots, allergy injections, allergy desensitization, allergy hyposensitization) is a staple in the treatment of all 3 conditions.  Allergy immunotherapy has been around for more than 100 years and it is effective in 80-85% of individuals who take allergy shots.

There is a subset of individuals who are bothered just by the cold air and not the allergens associated with the Winter.  These patients have vasomotor rhinitis and may experience hay fever-like symptoms (i.e., runny nose, nasal, congestion, post-nasal drip) with just the exposure to cold air.  Vasomotor rhinitis is a nonallergic condition that is caused by irritants such as cold air, strong scents, chemicals, pollutants, etc.  In addition to these hay fever-like symptoms, the cold air may contribute to nose bleeds (i.e., epistaxis), watery eyes, and redness of the eyes.

The cold air does not only affect the eyes, nose and lungs when it comes to allergic and nonallergic conditions that are diagnosed and treated by board certified allergists like the ones at Black & Kletz Allergy.  The skin is affected by the cold quite often and can be extremely annoying and even serious for some individuals.  There are 4 cold-related conditions that fall under a similar category that affect the skin.   These diseases are similar, but differ mainly by their severity.  These 4 disorders include cold-induced pruritus, cold-induced urticaria, cold-induced angioedema, and cold-induced anaphylaxis.  In cold-induced pruritus, the cold air will cause an individual to have itchy skin.  A person with cold-induced urticaria will develop hives with cold exposure.  People with cold-induced angioedema will develop swelling episodes when exposed to the cold.  Lastly and most seriously, some individuals may develop life-threatening anaphylaxis when they are exposed to the cold.  It is important that a patient be prescribed a self-injectable epinephrine device (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q, Adrenaclick) for patients with cold-induced angioedema and/or cold-induced anaphylaxis.  It is also important to note that any individual who needs to use a self-injectable epinephrine device should go immediately to the closest emergency room after using the device.

In addition to the 4 cold-related conditions mentioned above that affect the skin, some individuals may experience a change in the color of their skin with associated coldness, numbness, and stinging sensation.  The color change is typically a whitish or bluish color.  These individuals may have either Raynaud’s disease (i.e., primary Raynaud’s) or Raynaud’s phenomenon (i.e., secondary Raynaud’s) depending on whether there is an underlying medical problem.  Raynaud’s disease is not associated with an underlying medical disorder and is more common than Raynaud’s phenomenon, which is associated with an underlying medical condition.  The medical conditions most commonly associated with Raynaud’s phenomenon include connective tissue diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s syndrome, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis), smoking, injuries to the hands and/or feet, carpal tunnel syndrome, atherosclerosis, and certain medications (e.g., beta blockers, ADHD medications, migraine headache medications).

The board certified allergy doctors at Black & Kletz Allergy will promptly respond to any questions regarding cold-induced disorders and any other allergic or immunologic disorders.  We have been treating cold-indued disorders for over 50 years and have offices in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA.  We treat both adult and pediatric patients.  All 3 offices at Black & Kletz Allergy offer on-site parking and the Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible.  There is a free shuttle that runs between our McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line.  If you are concerned that you may have a cold-induced condition or any other allergy, asthma, sinus, skin, or immunology problem, please call us to schedule an appointment.  You may also click Request an Appointment and we will reply within 24 hours by the next business day.  At Black & Kletz Allergy, we strive to improve the quality of life in allergic individuals in a professional and welcoming setting.

Egg allergy is second only to milk allergy in prevalence among infants and young children.  It affects about 1 to 2 % of young children overall.  It is also the most common food allergy in children with eczema.

Proteins found in egg whites are generally responsible for causing allergic reactions in egg-allergic individuals.  Although the ovalbumin is the most abundant protein in egg white, it is the protein ovomucoid that is generally responsible for egg allergy in most children.  Ovalbumin is heat labile.  The heating process denatures the protein ovalbumin and as a result of heating, the new heated protein is structurally different.  Since the heated proteins are structurally different, the majority of egg-allergic children will not react to baked egg products that have been heated during the baking process. This suggests that children who have specific IgE antibodies primarily to ovalbumin are likely to tolerate heated forms of egg.  On the other hand, the protein ovomucoid, which is also found in egg white, is not altered by extensive heating and thus is responsible for most of the egg allergies in children.

Clinical Manifestations:

• Immediate hypersensitivity (Type I or IgE antibody mediated) reactions are the most common type of allergic reaction that occurs in egg-allergic individuals. Symptoms usually begin within minutes of egg exposure.  Skin manifestations such as itching, rashes, hives, and/or soft tissue swellings are the most common symptoms.  Respiratory symptoms such as chest tightness, coughing, wheezing and/or shortness of breath can rapidly progress in severity.  Allergic reactions to eggs can also result in gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea.
• Egg allergy most commonly manifests itself in the second half of infancy.
• Egg allergy can be potentially life-threatening (e.g., vocal cord swelling can rapidly lead to difficulty in breathing and loss of consciousness)
• Food-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis with egg as the trigger has been reported. In other words, an individual can eat an egg and then exercise within a certain period of time (i.e., usually within 2 hours) and then develop anaphylaxis as a result of the combination of egg plus exercise.  It is interesting to note that this individual may be fine just eating an egg or just exercising, but when done sequentially, anaphylaxis may occur.
• Bird-egg syndrome is a condition where the primary sensitization is to airborne bird allergens and there is secondary sensitization or cross reactivity with the protein albumin in egg yolk. These patients experience respiratory symptoms (i.e., runny nose, nasal congestion, post-nasal drip, sneezing, itchy eyes, watery eyes, puffy eyes, redness of the eyes, chest tightness, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath) with bird exposure and allergic symptoms with egg ingestion.
• Egg allergy can present as infantile atopic dermatitis (i.e., eczema). Children with eczema and asthma are at increased risk for more severe reactions.
• Egg allergy is one of the common triggers of symptoms in certain gastrointestinal disorders such as eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and food protein induced enterocolitis (FPIES).

Diagnosis:

• A comprehensive history of one’s exposure to egg products (both cutaneous and oral), time of onset of specific symptoms after exposure, rapidity of progression, duration of the reaction, and resolution of symptoms are all necessary to help make the diagnosis of an egg allergy.
• Skin prick tests (SPT) with egg white and egg yolk antigens
• Laboratory tests for blood levels of specific IgE antibodies to egg
• Oral food challenge (OFC), a gold-standard for the confirmation of the diagnosis of food allergy.

Treatment:

• The most straightforward approach in managing any food allergy is the complete avoidance of the culprit food. Eliminating egg white and egg yolk from the diet can be difficult and can pose nutritional as well as quality-of-life concerns.
• The evaluation of the allergy followed by an oral food challenge to extensively heated egg is an option since a majority of those with egg allergy will tolerate egg in extensively heated (baked) products, such as a muffin.
• Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is a promising treatment method, though not yet FDA-approved.
• Epinephrine auto-injectors are prescribed for use in the case of a reaction following inadvertent exposure to egg products. Some of the more common names of epinephrine auto-injectors may include EpiPen, Auvi-Q, and Adrenaclick. It should be noted that if an individual uses their auto-injector, that person should go immediately to the closest emergency room.
• Children with egg allergy should be monitored for the resolution of the allergy since most will outgrow the allergy in childhood. Monitoring for resolution includes assessing the history of any accidental exposures and reactions and serial testing for sensitization using laboratory tests, skin prick testing, and/or oral food challenges.

Immunizations:

• Children with egg allergy should not receive yellow fever vaccinations due to an increased risk of allergic reactions since the vaccine is produced using chicken embryos.
• Egg-allergic children can safely receive the influenza and MMR (mumps, measles, rubella) vaccinations despite the use of egg-based technology since the amount of egg protein is incredibly small. It is recommended however that the vaccination be given in a doctor’s office and observed for 30 minutes after the injection.  There are also a couple of influenza vaccines that do not contain any egg protein that are available.

Prevention:

The early introduction of egg can provide protection against egg allergy for at least some children who are at high risk for developing an egg allergy.  Children at risk may need to undergo a comprehensive evaluation to see if the early introduction of eggs in the diet is appropriate.

The board certified allergy doctors at Black & Kletz Allergy have been diagnosing egg allergy and other food allergies in both adults and children in patients in the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area for more than 50 years.  Black & Kletz Allergy has 3 offices in the Washington, DC metro area with locations in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA.  All of our offices have on-site parking and the Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible.  We offer a free shuttle that runs between our McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line.  If you think or know you have a food allergy, please call us to make an appointment at one of our conveniently located offices.  Alternatively, you may click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours by the next business day.  The allergy specialists at Black & Kletz Allergy are confident that we will be able to help you identify your food allergies and any other allergy you may have.  The allergists at Black & Kletz Allergy are dedicated to providing you with the best quality allergy, asthma, and immunology care in a professional and caring environment.

Natural rubber latex is the milky white sap that comes from the Brazilian rubber tree.  The Brazilian rubber tree is scientifically referred to as Hevea brasiliensis.  The tree is mainly found in Southeast Asia and Africa.  The sap is collected from rubber trees much in the same manner that maple syrup is extracted from maple trees.  In order to give latex its elastic characteristic, several chemicals are added to the milky sap during the manufacturing process.  The latex is then further refined into rubber for commercial use.  This natural rubber should not be confused with synthetic rubber which is made from chemicals.  Synthetic rubber products are not made with natural rubber latex and do not cause allergic reactions in individuals who are allergic to natural rubber latex.

Latex allergy is a condition in which a sensitive individual develops an immunological reaction against the allergenic proteins found in natural rubber latex.  This allergic reaction usually begins within 30 minutes, but can develop later, and can range in severity from mild to life-threatening.  Approximately 1-2% of the U.S. population has a latex allergy.  Latex allergies are much more common in certain groups of individuals such as children with spina bifida, rubber industry workers, patients who have had multiple surgeries, patients who have had recurrent catheterizations of their bladder, and health care workers.

Approximately 70% of children with spina bifida have latex allergies because they have not one but 2 risk factors for latex allergies:  multiple surgical procedures and the use rubber urinary catheters.  Both of these factors make these children more susceptible to latex allergy mainly because they come in contact with natural rubber latex more than most individuals.  Since they are exposed to latex more than the average person, they are more likely to develop an allergy to latex.

The allergic reaction that occurs in an individual due to a latex allergy can be different in each person.  The allergic reaction can be either an immediate-type (i.e., Type I) hypersensitivity reaction or a delayed-type (i.e., Type IV) hypersensitivity reaction.  In addition to a true allergic reaction, a non-allergic irritant contact dermatitis may also occur.  In an immediate-type or Type I allergic reaction, the allergic individual usually has allergy symptoms within 30 minutes after exposure to the allergen (i.e., mold, dust mite, pollen, food, bee venom).  The allergic reactions to latex usually occur after a number of exposures to latex, however, the severity of the reactions can worsen with repeated exposures.  The symptoms of an immediate-type (Type I) allergic reaction due to a latex allergy may include sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, post-nasal drip, itchy eyes, watery eyes, redness of the eyes, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing, generalized itching, hives (i.e., urticaria), abdominal cramping, throat tightening (i.e., angioedema), nausea, dizziness, rapid heart rate, feeling faint, and/or drop in blood pressure.  In severe cases, anaphylaxis can occur which can be life-threatening.  A self-injectable epinephrine device may be prescribed to an individual with a history of a systemic reaction to latex.  If such a device is used, they are to go immediately to the closest emergency room.

Physical contact with latex can also cause soreness and blistering of the skin which usually begins 2 to 3 days of exposure.  This type of reaction is a delayed-type (Type IV) reaction and is called allergic contact dermatitis.  It is similar to the reaction that is caused by poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac.  As mentioned above, a non-allergic irritant contact dermatitis may also occur.  Patients with this type of reaction may develop itchy, red, dry, flaky, peeling, and/or cracked skin after topical exposure to latex.  Blisters may also develop in certain individuals.

The diagnosis of latex allergy is made by a comprehensive history and physical examination.  Blood tests can be done to confirm a diagnosis.  Allergy skin testing can also be performed in individuals where the blood test is negative but there is a high index of suspicion for latex allergy.

The treatment of latex allergy is to avoid exposure to natural rubber latex.  Individuals should avoid all products containing latex, some of which may include: latex gloves, condoms, dental dams, balloons, rubber bands, select toys, tires, erasers, elastic clothing waistbands, nipples used on baby bottles, pacifiers, baby bottles, soles of shoes, athletic shoes, certain fruits and vegetables (see below).  Many medical and dental devices (e.g., gloves, stethoscopes, dental dams, catheters, and airway and IV tubing.  It should be noted that synthetic rubber products such as house paint are not made with natural latex.  Patients who are allergic to latex should wear a medical alert bracelet and carry a self-injectable epinephrine device (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q, Adrenaclick) and know when to use it.  As mentioned above, if the self-injectable epinephrine device is used, the individual should go immediately to the closest emergency room.

It should also be noted that certain fruits and vegetables cross-react with latex as they share similar proteins and should be avoided in individuals who have a latex allergy.  Approximately 30-50% of people with latex allergy have reactions to these fruits and vegetables.  Some of the more common cross-reacting fruits and vegetables may include apples, avocados, bananas, chestnuts, carrots, celery, kiwi, melons, papayas, potatoes, and tomatoes.

The board certified allergists at Black and Kletz Allergy have over 50 years of experience in diagnosing and treating latex allergies.  We treat both pediatric and adult patients.  Black & Kletz Allergy has 3 convenient locations with on-site parking located in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA.  The Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible and we offer a free shuttle that runs between the McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line.  To schedule an appointment, please call any of our offices or you may click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours by the next business day.  We have been servicing the greater Washington, DC metropolitan area for many decades and we look forward to providing you with the utmost state-of-the-art allergy care in a warm and pleasant environment.

Influenza Immunization:

A routine annual influenza (i.e., flu) vaccination is recommended for all individuals equal to and greater than months of age. The recommendations below should always be discussed and approved by an individual’s primary care provider before vaccination occurs.

Children:

• Children from 6 months through 8 years of age who have previously received 2 or more total doses of trivalent or quadrivalent influenza vaccine 4 or more weeks apart before July 1, 2022 will need 1 dose of the 2022-2023 influenza vaccine.
• Children from 6 months through 8 years of age who have not previously received 2 or more total doses of trivalent or quadrivalent influenza vaccine 4 or more weeks apart before July 1, 2022 will need 2 doses of the 2022-23 influenza vaccine. These 2 doses should be given at least 4 weeks apart.
• Children who are 9 years old or older only need 1 dose.

Adults 65 Years of Age or Older:

• Adults 65 years or older should receive any one of the following higher dose or adjuvanted influenza vaccines: quadrivalent high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV4), quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4), or quadrivalent adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine (aIIV4).

Pregnancy:

• Influenza vaccines, except the quadrivalent live attenuated (LAIV4), can be received in any trimester of pregnancy, if approved by one’s Ob/Gyn doctor.
• The quadrivalent live attenuated vaccine (LAIV4) should not be used during pregnancy since it contains a live virus, but it can be used postpartum, if approved by one’s Ob/Gyn doctor.

Chronic Medical Conditions:

The quadrivalent live attenuated vaccine (LAIV4) should not be received in individuals with the following:

• History of severe allergic reaction (i.e., anaphylaxis) to any component of the vaccine
• Concomitant aspirin or salicylate-containing therapy in children and adolescents
• Children between the ages of 2 – 4 years of age who have received a diagnosis of asthma or if a wheezing episode has occurred during the preceding 12 months
• Children and adults who are immunocompromised due to any cause
• Close contacts and caregivers of severely immunosuppressed individuals who require a protected environment

Egg Allergy:

• Individuals who have experienced only hives after exposure to egg may receive any licensed recommended influenza vaccine appropriate for their age.
• Individuals reporting symptoms other than hives after exposure to egg , or who required epinephrine or another emergency medical intervention, may also receive any influenza vaccine that is otherwise appropriate. If a vaccine other than a quadrivalent cell-based influenza vaccine (ccIIV4) such as Flucelvax® or a quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4) such as Flublok® is selected, it should be administered in an inpatient or outpatient medical setting, supervised by a health care provider who can recognize and manage severe allergic reactions.

Previous Serious Allergic Reaction:

Influenza vaccines are contraindicated for those with a history of a severe allergic reaction to any component of that vaccine.

Travelers:

Travelers who wish to reduce the risk for influenza should consider vaccination, preferably at least 2 weeks before departure.

Vaccination and Influenza Antiviral Medications:

Individuals receiving influenza antiviral medications can take influenza vaccines other than a quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4).

With Other Vaccines:

• The quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) and the quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccines (RIV4) may be administered concurrently or sequentially with other live or inactivated vaccines.
• Injectable vaccines given simultaneously should be administered at separate anatomic sites.
• The quadrivalent live attenuated vaccine (LAIV4) may be administered simultaneously with other inactivated or live vaccines. If not given simultaneously, then at least 4 weeks should pass between the administration of the quadrivalent live attenuated vaccine (LAIV4) and another live vaccine.

Administration of IIV4 and RIV4:

• The quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV4) and quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccines (RIV4) are administered intramuscularly (IM). For adults and older children, the deltoid muscle in the arm is the preferred site. For infants and younger children, the anterolateral thigh is the preferred site.
• The quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4) is licensed for individuals 18 years of age and older and should not be used for children and/or adolescents less than 18 years of age.

Administration of LAIV4:

• The quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) is administered intranasally using the supplied prefilled, single-use sprayer containing 0.2 ml. of vaccine.
• If the vaccine recipient sneezes immediately after administration, the dose should not be repeated.
• If nasal congestion is present which may interfere with the delivery of the vaccine to the nasopharyngeal mucosa, a deferral should be considered, or another age-appropriate vaccine should be administered.

Treatment of Influenza:

The antiviral medications that are used to treat the flu (i.e., influenza) are more efficacious when they are begun within 2 days of the beginning of symptoms. There are 4 FDA-approved antiviral drugs used in the treatment of influenza:

• oseltamivir phosphate (Trade name: Tamiflu®)
• zanamivir (Trade name: Relenza®)
• peramivir (Trade name: Rapivab®)
• baloxavir marboxil (Trade name: Xofluza®)

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) is available as a pill or liquid suspension and is FDA-approved for the early treatment of influenza in individuals 14 days of age and older. Zanamivir (Relenza®) is a powder that is inhaled and approved for the early treatment of influenza in individuals 7 years of age and older. Note that zanamivir is administered using an inhaler device and is not recommended for individuals with respiratory problems such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Oseltamivir and zanamivir are given twice a day for 5 days. Peramivir (Rapivab®) is given once intravenously by a health care provider and is approved for the early treatment of influenza in individuals 6 months of age and older. Baloxavir (Xofluza®) is a pill given as a single dose by mouth and is approved for the early treatment of influenza in children 5 – 12 years of age who do not have any chronic medical conditions, and for all individuals 12 years of age and older.

The board certified allergists at Black & Kletz Allergy have been advising patients on the treatment and prevention of the flu (i.e., influenza) for many years in both children and adults. Black &Kletz Allergy has 3 convenient locations in the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area. We have offices in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA which all offer on-site parking. The Washington, DC and McLean, VA locations are Metro accessible and there is a free shuttle that runs between the McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. Please call us to make an appointment or you can click Request an Appointment and we will reply within 24 hours by the next business day. The allergy specialists of Black & Kletz Allergy are eager to help you with your allergy, asthma, immunological, and vaccination needs. We are dedicated to providing first-rate care to you as we have been doing in the Washington, DC metropolitan area for more than 50 years.

To the average parent, there is generally no association between Halloween and allergies. For some parents however, Halloween can be a “scary” time, but not because of ghosts and goblins. These “frightened” parents are parents that have a child who has food allergies. To the parent of a food-allergic child, the association between Halloween and food allergies is not only real, but can be downright scary and concerning.

Some food allergy statistics are in order at this point in order to shed light on the seriousness of food allergies. Approximately 8% of children in the U.S have food allergies. Food allergies are increasing and have increased by more than 50% in the last few decades. About one-third of children have food allergies to more than one food. Approximately 4 in 10 food-allergic children have had a severe reaction to a food. Peanut, followed by milk are the number one and two causes of food allergies in children. Tree nuts, shellfish, fish, eggs, wheat, and soy make up the next most common food allergies in children. If you are an observant parent, you can see that 6 of the top 8 food allergies are commonly found in many Halloween candies, assuming fish tacos and crab cakes are not common on your neighborhood block. To make matters worse, it is fairly common for miniaturized Halloween candies not to contain the nutritional information and allergen labeling, which is often found on the larger full-sized versions. This makes it even more difficult for a parent to screen for food allergens that may be in each treat. It should be noted that in order to be extra safe, a parent or child should live by the motto: “when in doubt, throw it out.”

Parents of a food-allergic child who are concerned about their child trick-or-treating on Halloween can go to the website of the Food Allergy Research and Education (FARE) organization and look at their program called the “Teal Pumpkin Project.” The Teal Pumpkin Project has been around since 2014 and its main objective is to increase awareness of the severity of food allergies as well as provide support to families who have food-allergic children. In the world of food allergies, the color teal signifies food allergy awareness. People with and without food-allergic children are encouraged to paint their pumpkins teal and display them by their front doors as a sign that their house is aware of food allergies and that they have alternative non-food containing “treats” for food-allergic children. Some non-food treats may include non-food treats may include stickers, toys, money, crayons, necklaces, bracelets, rings, glow sticks, hair accessories, finger puppets, bookmarks, vampire fangs, spider rings, balls, whistles, balls, etc. The houses with the teal pumpkins may also distribute traditional candies, but they will have separate bowls for food items vs. non-food items. FARE’s website provides a detailed “Teal Pumpkin Project Participation Map” so that participating houses can be easily assessed by the parents of food-allergic children.

In addition to the above Teal Pumpkin Project, other precautions should be adhered to with food-allergic individuals. Food-allergic children should be taught to graciously refuse homemade foods such as cupcakes and cookies that may not be safe for them. Young children should not trick-or-treat without parental supervision. Candies and treats without proper nutritional and allergen labeling should not be eaten in order to prevent a life-threatening allergic reaction. It is advised that one should trick-or-treat with an epinephrine self-injectable device such as an EpiPen, Auvi-Q, or Adenaclick. If an epinephrine self-injectable device is ever used, one should go immediately to the closest emergency room.

The board certified allergists at Black & Kletz Allergy support the efforts of the Teal Pumpkin Project and hope that our patients join in their efforts in order to try to make Halloween a safer holiday. Black & Kletz Allergy has always had a link to FARE. You will find it in the upper portion of our website under the blue “Resources” tab. Please click “LINKS” and then click “Food Allergy Research and Education.” The allergy specialists at Black & Kletz Allergy see both pediatric and adult patients and have over 5 decades of experience in the field of allergy, asthma, and immunology. Black & Kletz Allergy has 3 convenient locations with on-site parking located in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. The Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible and we offer a free shuttle that runs between the McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. To schedule an appointment, please call any of our offices or you may click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours by the next business day. We have been servicing the greater Washington, DC metropolitan area for over 50 years and we look forward to providing you with the highest state-of-the-art allergy care in a welcoming and relaxed environment.

Meat allergy is an increasing problem over the last decade. It is generally not that people have developed a typical food allergy to meat in the classic sense, but this increase has rather occurred because of an entity called alpha-gal syndrome. It is often referred to as mammalian meat allergy, red meat allergy, and tick bite meat allergy. More specifically, alpha-gal syndrome is a food allergy to red meat (i.e., mammalian meat) and any other products made from mammals such as gelatin or milk products. The condition was discovered by researchers at the University of Virginia a little more than a decade ago. The mechanism of why and how the syndrome occurs is quite interesting. Alpha-gal, technically referred to as galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose, is a carbohydrate (i.e., sugar molecule) that is present in most mammals (e.g., cows, pigs, sheep, deer, rabbits, whales). It is not found in humans or non-mammals such as fish, birds, and reptiles. Alpha-gal syndrome is caused by a Lone Star tick bite. After an individual is bitten by a Lone Star tick, the carbohydrate alpha-gal which is present in the tick’s saliva, is transmitted into the person’s blood stream. As a result, the individual will produce IgE antibodies as a defense mechanism against this foreign sugar molecule (i.e., carbohydrate). Because the person now has alpha-gal IgE antibodies present in their blood stream, whenever that individual consumes future mammalian meat which contains alpha-gal, their alpha-gal IgE antibodies will react against the alpha-gal present in the mammalian meat (e.g., beef, pork, lamb, venison, rabbit, whale) causing allergic symptoms.

The symptoms of alpha-gal syndrome or mammalian meat allergy are typically delayed approximately 2-8 hours after the person eats the meat before manifesting. This is in contrast to a “normal” allergic reaction to a food which usually causes symptoms within 30 minutes after ingestion. The symptoms of alpha-gal syndrome can vary in severity from mild to severe and may consist of hives (i.e., urticaria), generalized itching (i.e., pruritus), swelling episodes (i.e., angioedema), runny nose, nasal congestion, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, drop in blood pressure, and/or anaphylaxis. Obviously, anaphylaxis is life-threatening and individuals who have a history of anaphylaxis should use an injectable epinephrine device such as an EpiPen, Auvi-Q, or Adrenaclick if anaphylactic symptoms occur. They should also go immediately to the closest emergency room if they use their injectable epinephrine device.

The diagnosis of alpha-gal syndrome is made by performing a comprehensive history and physical examination. A history of a recent tick bite makes the diagnosis more likely, but it is not crucial as not all patients may remember if they had a recent tick bite. Since there is a delay between the ingestion of meat and the onset of symptoms with alpha-gal syndrome, the condition is underdiagnosed. Physicians may not see the connection between the ingestion of the meat and the beginning of allergic symptoms because of this time delay which is not characteristic of a normal allergy. As a result, the syndrome is underdiagnosed. Note: It is therefore important to seek out a board certified allergist like the ones at Black & Kletz Allergy in order to make the correct diagnosis. It is also important to note that since the allergic symptoms of alpha-gal syndrome are very common allergy symptoms, an allergist is often needed to differentiate these symptoms from other allergic conditions that are not tick-induced. Blood tests and/or food prick testing is usually necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

The prevention of alpha-gal syndrome is the prevention of tick bites. One should avoid places where ticks live such as in grassy or wooded areas. Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants. Wear hats and gloves. Use insect repellants, especially containing DEET. Check yourself and your pets for ticks after being outdoors in the grass or woods. Taking a shower after you return from outside may remove unattached ticks. If bitten, remove the tick as soon as possible either by yourself or by a physician in an emergency room. Do not squeeze or squash the tick. Let your physician know if you have been bitten by a tick as there are other diseases that can be caused by tick bites. Some of these diseases may include Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Tularemia, Babesiosis, Ehrlichiosis, Rickettsiosis, Tick-borne encephalitis, Relapsing fever, Q Fever, Anaplasmosis, and Powassan.

The treatment of alpha-gal syndrome is also simply prevention. It is important to avoid the ingestion of mammalian meat and any other products made from mammals such as gelatin or milk products. Furthermore, one should avoid getting bitten again by ticks as it is thought that subsequent Lone Star tick bites may cause more severe disease if exposure to mammalian meat occurs.

The board certified allergy specialists at Black & Kletz Allergy have been diagnosing and treating alpha-gal syndrome and food allergies in both adults and children for more many years in the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area. We have 3 office locations, all of which offer on-site parking. Our offices are located in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. The Washington, DC and McLean offices are Metro accessible and there is a free shuttle that runs between our McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. For an appointment, please call us at one of our locations or alternatively, you can click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours by the next business day. The allergy specialists at Black & Kletz Allergy have the expertise in alpha-gal syndrome and food allergies. Our goal is to serve the greater Washington, DC metro community with first-rate allergy care with boundless commitment and great pride as we have done for over 50 years.